Revisiting type II diabetes mellitus in pregnancy and pregnancy outcomes such as in thyroidology: do you mind?

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: There is an increase in the prevalence of pre-gestational diabetes in the past decades, mainly due to the increase in the prevalence of obesity in the general population and consequently type 2 diabetes among women of reproductive age. METHODS: This study purposed to describe the delivery characteristics, pregnancy complications, and outcomes among women in Serbia with the pre-gestational type 2 diabetes in the past decade, as well as their pregnancy complications, deliveries, and neonatal outcomes. The study included data from all the pregnant women with pre-gestational type 2 diabetes in Belgrade, Serbia during the period between 2010 and 2020. The final sample consisted of 138 patients. RESULTS: More than half, i.e., 70 (50.7%) had a vaginal delivery, while 48 (34.8%) had elective and 20 (14.5%) had emergency caesarean sections. Throughout the period, there was 1 patient with preeclampsia (0.7%), 5 with pregnancy-induced hypertension (3.6%), 7 had newborns with small for gestational age (5.1%), 28 with macrosomia (20.3%), 12 (8.7%) had preterm births, and one-fifth, i.e., 28 (20.3%) of the newborns had Apgar score under 8. CONCLUSION: The present study revealed that women with type 2 diabetes in pregnancy have a significant burden of pregnancy complications, related to pregnancy, delivery, and newborns.

Hereditary thrombophilia and low -molecular -weight heparin in women: useful determinants, including thyroid dysfunction, incorporating the management of treatment and outcomes of the entity

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: Our study purposed to examine the complex relationship between low-molecular-weight heparin therapy, multiple pregnancy determinants, and adverse pregnancy outcomes during the third trimester in women with inherited thrombophilia. METHODS: Patients were selected from a prospective cohort of 358 pregnant patients recruited between 2016 and 2018 at the Clinic for Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Clinical Centre of Serbia, Belgrade. RESULTS: Gestational age at delivery (β=-0.081, p=0.014), resistance index of the umbilical artery (β=0.601, p=0.039), and D-dimer (β=0.245, p<0.001) between 36th and 38th weeks of gestation presented the direct predictors for adverse pregnancy outcomes. The model fit was examined using the root mean square error of approximation 0.00 (95%CI 0.00-0.18), the goodness-of-fit index was 0.998, and the adjusted goodness-of-fit index was 0.966. CONCLUSION: There is a need for the introduction of more precise protocols for the assessment of hereditary thrombophilias and the need for the introduction of low-molecular-weight heparin.

Is the length of time between endometrial scratching and embryo transfer important for pregnancy success? An observational study

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: This study sought to evaluate the influence of time (early <90 days and late >90 days) and endometrial injury on pregnancy success. METHODS: This is a retrospective study in which all infertile women who underwent at least one in vitro fertilization cycle at Clinica Gera between 2010 and 2015 were considered for inclusion. We included patients with a normal ovarian reserve and regular menses at intervals of up to 30 days. A total of 315 patient files were reviewed, and the study group was composed of patients who faced fertility issues and had male-caused infertility or idiopathic infertility. Also, women with male or unknown cause of infertility who have performed endometrial biopsy and have undergone embryo transfer up to 180 days after this procedure between 2010 and 2015 were included. The patients were divided into two groups according to the interval between biopsy and embryo transfer: group 1 (early—an interval of <90 days) and group 2 (late—an interval of >90 days and up to 180 days). RESULTS: The results were superior for the group with an interval of less than 90 days relative to the group with an interval of more than 90 days (p<0.04). The pregnancy rates for group 1 and group 2 were 58.5% and 43.4%, respectively. The odds ratio for pregnancy success was 1.63 (95% confidence interval: 1.04 to 2.55). CONCLUSION: The early transfer of embryos (<90 days) may produce better results with a high rate of pregnancy. Further studies are necessary to identify the mechanism involved in this phenomenon.

Highlighting early detection of thyroid pathology and gestational diabetes effects on oxidative stress that provokes preterm delivery in thyroidology: Does that ring a bell?

Abstract Objectives: Ad fontes, the status of the thyroid gland, and metabolic disturbance lead to the alteration of oxygenation. In pregnancy, it is particularly crucial to possess all predictive parameters. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at the Clinic of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia, between 2017 and 2021 which study included a total of 99 women who had been admitted for preterm delivery and had undergone thyroid analysis, detected Hashimoto thyroiditis, and Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) 40 days after delivery and had pathological Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Response (HOMA IR) indices. In the group of urgent patients with preterm delivery, we looked after not only routine Doppler of the umbilical artery, but we measured specific ratios such as the Cerebroplacental ratio (CP). Results: The mean maternal age was 32.23 ± 5.96 years and the mean gestational age was detected as 35.40 ± 2.39 weeks. The delivery was completed vaginally in 77 women (78%) and surgically in 22 (22%). The Mean APGAR score was 8.44 ± 1.18, the mean birth weight was 2666.87 ± 622.17g and the cases undergoing cesarean section had significantly higher values of pulsatility index (1.85 ± 0.27 vs. 1.34 ± 0.31) and CP (1.22 ± 0.26 vs. 0.47 ± 0.17). Conclusions: The introduction of Doppler sonography for blood flow assessment helps to form a complete clinical description of the patient, particularly in conditions where oxidative stress became provocative by the thyroid gland antibodies and gestational diabetes in Thyroidology.

Effects of estrogen and raloxifene on synaptic density in the hippocampal CA1 region of ovariectomized rats

Abstract Introduction The CA1 region of the hippocampus has an important role in learning and memory. It has been shown that estrogen deficiency may reduce the synaptic density in the region and that hormone replacement therapy may attenuate the reduction. Objectives This study aimed to evaluate the effects of estrogen and raloxifene on the synaptic density profile in the CA1 region of the hippocampus in ovariectomized rats. Methods Sixty ovariectomized three-month-old virgin rats were randomized into six groups (n = 10). Treatments started either three days (early treatment) or sixty days (late treatment) after ovariectomy. The groups received propylene glycol vehicle (0.5 mL/animal/day), equine conjugated estrogens (50 μg/animal/day), or raloxifene (3 mg/kg/day) either early or late after ovariectomy. The drugs were administered orally by gavage for 30 days. At the end of the treatments, the animals were anesthetized and transcardially perfused with ether and saline solution. The brains were removed and prepared for analysis under transmission electron microscopy and later fixed. Results Results showed a significant increase in the synaptic density profile of the hippocampal CA1 region in both the early estrogen (0.534 ± 0.026 µ/m2) and the early raloxifene (0.437 ± 0.012 µ/m2) treatment groups compared to the early or late vehicle-treated control groups (0.338 ± 0.038 µ/m2 and 0.277 ± 0.015 µ/m2 respectively). Conclusions The present data suggest that the raloxifene effect may be lower than that of estrogen, even early or late treatment, on synaptic density in the hippocampus.

Sociodemographic and economic characteristics of families and health and education conditions of children in the BRISA cohort during the COVID-19 pandemic / Características sociodemográficas e econômicas das famílias e condições de saúde e educação das crianças da coorte BRISA durante a pandemia de COVID-19

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe changes in sociodemographic, economic and variables related to the characterization of family, health and education during the COVID-19 pandemic in a birth cohort evaluated at 10-11 years of age. Methods: Cross-sectional study involving 1,033 children from a cohort of children born in 2010/2011, in the city of Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil. Data were collected from July to October 2021 by telephone or video interview held with the person responsible for the child. The questionnaires discussed family organization, child behavior and health, school attendance, socioeconomic assessment and occurrence of COVID-19 during the period of social isolation due to the pandemic. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the data. The chi-square test was used to verify group differences by minimum wages (MW). Results: Of the respondents, 47.6% reported worsening of their financial situation during the pandemic, which was more frequent in the group with a household income <3 MW compared to the group with >6 MW (59.1 vs. 15.7%; p<0.001). According to the respondents, 62% of the children exhibited behavioral changes during the period and anxiety was the most frequently reported condition. In addition, 61.4% of the children had learning difficulties and these problems were more prevalent among children from households with lower incomes compared to those with higher incomes (74.7 vs. 45.1%; p<0.001). Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic has changed different economic aspects of families, as well as educational, health and behavioral indicators of children. Lower-income families were the most affected both economically and in terms of other indicators.

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever as alterações nas características sociodemográficas, econômicas e variáveis relacionadas à caracterização da família, saúde e educação durante a pandemia da COVID-19, em uma coorte de nascimento avaliada aos 10-11 anos de idade. Métodos: Estudo transversal envolvendo 1.033 crianças de uma coorte de nascidos em 2010/2011, na cidade de Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil. Os dados foram obtidos por meio de entrevistas por telefone ou videochamada com o responsável pela criança, no período de julho a outubro de 2021. Os questionários abordaram informações sobre a organização familiar, comportamento e saúde da criança, acompanhamento escolar, avaliação socioeconômica e ocorrência da COVID-19 durante o período de isolamento social. Foi realizada estatística descritiva. O teste qui-quadrado foi utilizado para verificar diferenças de grupos por salários-mínimos (SM). Resultados: Dos entrevistados, 47,6% relataram piora na condição financeira durante a pandemia, sendo a piora econômica mais frequente no grupo de renda familiar <3 SM em comparação ao grupo de >6 SM (59,1 vs. 15,7%; p<0,001). Segundo os responsáveis, 62% das crianças apresentaram mudança de comportamento durante o período, sendo a ansiedade relatada com mais frequência. Ainda, 61,4% das crianças apresentaram dificuldades de aprendizagem, e o prejuízo foi mais acentuado naquelas de menor renda familiar em comparação às de maior renda (74,7 vs. 45,1%; p<0,001). Conclusão: A pandemia da COVID-19 alterou diferentes aspectos econômicos das famílias, assim como indicadores educacionais, de saúde e de comportamento das crianças. As famílias de menor renda foram as mais prejudicadas tanto do ponto de vista econômico como nos demais indicadores.

Melatonin and the cardiovascular system in animals: systematic review and meta-analysis

Melatonin, a hormone released by the pineal gland, demonstrates several effects on the cardiovascular system. Herein, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to verify the effects of melatonin in an experimental model of myocardial infarction. We performed a systematic review according to PRISMA recommendations and reviewed MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane databases. Only articles in English were considered. A systematic review of the literature published between November 2008 and June 2019 was performed. The meta-analysis was conducted using the RevMan 5.3 program provided by the Cochrane Collaboration. In total, 858 articles were identified, of which 13 were included in this review. The main results of this study revealed that melatonin benefits the cardiovascular system by reducing infarct size, improving cardiac function according to echocardiographic and hemodynamic analyses, affords antioxidant effects, improves the rate of apoptosis, decreases lactate dehydrogenase activity, enhances biometric analyses, and improves protein levels, as analyzed by western blotting and quantitative PCR. In the meta-analysis, we observed a statistically significant decrease in infarct size (mean difference [MD], -20.37 [-23.56, -17.18]), no statistical difference in systolic pressure (MD, -1.75 [-5.47, 1.97]), a statistically significant decrease in lactate dehydrogenase in animals in the melatonin group (MD, -4.61 [-6.83, -2.40]), and a statistically significant improvement in the cardiac ejection fraction (MD, -8.12 [-9.56, -6.69]). On analyzing potential bias, we observed that most studies presented a low risk of bias; two parameters were not included in the analysis, and one parameter had a high risk of bias. Melatonin exerts several effects on the cardiovascular system and could be a useful therapeutic target to combat various cardiovascular diseases.

Previous preeclampsia and its association with the future development of cardiovascular diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Preeclampsia is a multifactorial disease. Among these factors, untreated hypertension during pregnancy can result in high morbidity and mortality rates and may also be related to the future development of cardiovascular diseases.Therefore, this systematic review aimed to determine the association of previous preeclampsia with the future development of cardiovascular diseases. Studies on the association between preeclampsia and future cardiovascular diseases published in the last 10 years (2009-2019) were identified from the PubMed/Medline (207 articles), Embase (nine articles), and Cochrane (three articles) databases using the keywords "preeclampsia" and "future cardiovascular diseases", "preeclampsia" and "future heart attack", and "preeclampsia" and "future cardiac disease". After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 15 articles were analyzed by systematic review and meta-analysis according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The meta-analysis and the determination of the quality of the articles were conducted using RevMan software, version 5.3. Statistically significant differences were observed between the control and previous preeclampsia groups with respect to systolic blood pressure (mean difference [MD] 4.32; 95% confidence interval [95%CI] 3.65, 4.99; p<0.001), diastolic blood pressure (MD): 2.11; 95%CI: 1.68, 2.55; p<0.0001), and insulin level (MD: 2.80; 95% CI: 0.50, 5.11; p<0.001). Body mass index (MD: 2.57, 95%CI: 2.06, 3.07; p=0.0001), total cholesterol (MD: 10.39; 95%CI: 8.91, 11.87; p=0.0001), HDL (MD: 2.83; 95%CI: 2.20, 3.46; p=0.0001), and LDL (MD: 1.77; 95%CI: 0.42, 3.13; p=0.0001) also differed significantly between groups. Thus, the results of the present study showed that women with a history of preeclampsia were more likely to develop cardiovascular disease.

Melatonin and organ transplantation: what is the relationship?

SUMMARY Melatonin has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties that can influence tissue growth and apoptosis. This aspect may influence the success of organ transplantation. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the relationship between melatonin and organ transplantation. METHODS A systematic review was performed in PubMed databases using the search terms: "melatonin physiology" or "melatonin therapy" and "transplant pharmacology" or "transplant physiology" or "transplant therapy" or "Transplant therapy". Experiments on the organs of the reproductive system were not included. After analysis, five articles were selected after reading the title and abstract of 50 manuscripts. The works were divided into two aspects: a) analysis of the influence of the organ transplantation procedure on melatonin production; b) action of melatonin on organ transplantation. RESULTS The cardiac transplantation surgical procedure, immunosuppression, and graft did not influence melatonin secretion in rodents, but there was a significant reduction of melatonin in the renal transplantation procedure in patients with renal insufficiency. Melatonin administration in experimental models decreased rejection and improved transplant success. CONCLUSION Studies show that melatonin can reduce organ and species dependence, and the use of melatonin decreases graft rejection.

RESUMO A melatonina tem propriedades anti-inflamatórias e antioxidantes que podem influenciar o crescimento e a apoptose dos tecidos. Esse aspecto pode influenciar o sucesso do transplante de órgãos. OBJETIVO Avaliar a relação entre a melatonina e o transplante de órgãos. MÉTODO A revisão sistemática foi realizada nas bases de dados do PubMed, usando os termos de pesquisa: "fisiologia da melatonina" ou "terapêutica da melatonina" e "farmacologia do transplante" ou "fisiologia do transplante" ou "terapêutica do transplante" ou "terapia do transplante". Não foram incluídos os experimentos sobre os órgãos do sistema reprodutivo. Após análise, cinco artigos foram selecionados após a leitura do título e do resumo de 50 manuscritos. Os trabalhos foram divididos em duas vertentes: a) análise da influência do procedimento de transplante de órgão na produção de melatonina; b) ação da melatonina sobre o transplante de órgãos. RESULTADOS O procedimento cirúrgico do transplante cardíaco, a imunossupressão e o enxerto não influenciaram a secreção de melatonina em roedores, mas houve redução significante da melatonina nos casos do procedimento de transplante renal em pacientes com insuficiência renal. A ministração de melatonina em modelos experimentais diminuiu a rejeição e melhorou o sucesso de transplante. CONCLUSÃO Os estudos mostram que a melatonina pode reduzir a dependência da espécie e do órgão e que o emprego da melatonina diminui a rejeição do órgão.

Is electrosurgery fulguration a better procedure for Bartholins gland cyst?

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effectiveness of electrosurgery fulguration as a treatment for Bartholin's gland cysts. DESIGN Retrospective study with a comparative control group performed on Hospital Brigadeiro and in the Disciplina de Ginecologia do Departamento de Obstetrícia e Ginecologia, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo from February 2005 to March 2009. Patients: Patients with Bartholin's gland cyst were divided into three treatment groups: group 1 electrosurgery (n=169 cases); group 2 - gland excision with the conventional technique using a cold scalpel (n = 51 cases); group 3 - marsupialization (n=11 cases). We reviewed the clinical and surgical history, physical examination, description of the surgical technique, postoperative results (success and complications), and follow-up data. RESULTS There is no difference between groups in relation to intraoperative bleeding, hematoma, and complete healing in a single treatment session. However, electrosurgery shows the lower percentage of recurrences 18 (10,7%) compared to the Marsupialization technique (group 3, p=.031). Recurrences occurred in 18 (10,7%), 3 (5,9%), and 4 (36,4%) cases. After retreatment by the same technique, there was a complete cure rate of 90% (152/169) for group 1, and 98% (50/51) for group 2. The cost of group 1 was lower than that of other groups. CONCLUSION The fulguration with electrosurgery of the capsule of Bartholin's cyst is an effective method of treatment, andthe cost of this technique is lower than the conventional technique and marsupialization.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Avaliar a eficácia da fulguração da eletrocirurgia como tratamento para os cistos da glândula de Bartholin. MÉTODOS Estudo retrospectivo, grupo controle comparativo realizado no Hospital Brigadeiro e disciplina de Ginecologia do Departamento de Obstetrícia e Ginecologia do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, de fevereiro de 2005 a março de 2009. Pacientes com cisto de glândula de Bartholin foram divididos em três grupos de tratamento: grupo 1 - eletrocirurgia (n = 169 casos); grupo 2 - excisão da glândula com técnica convencional utilizando bisturi frio (n = 51 casos); grupo 3 - marsupialização (n = 11 casos). Revisamos a história clínica e cirúrgica, o exame físico, a descrição da técnica cirúrgica, os resultados pós-operatórios (sucesso e complicações) e os dados de acompanhamento. RESULTADOS Não há diferença entre os grupos em relação ao sangramento intraoperatório, hematoma e cicatrização completa em uma única sessão de tratamento. No entanto, a eletrocirurgia mostrou o percentual mínimo de recidivas, 18 (10,7%), em relação à técnica de marsupialização (grupo 3, p = 0,031). Recorrências ocorreram em 18 (10,7%), três (5,9%) e quatro (36,4%) casos. Após o retratamento pela mesma técnica, houve taxa de cura completa: 90% (152/169) para o grupo 1 e 98% (50/51) para o grupo 2. O custo do grupo 1 foi menor do que os dos outros grupos. CONCLUSÃO A fulguração com eletrocirurgia da cápsula do cisto de Bartholin é um método efetivo de tratamento, mas o custo dessa técnica é menor do que a técnica de convenção e a marsupialização.

Prior exercise training and experimental myocardial infarction: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Exercising prior to experimental infarction may have beneficial effects on the heart. The objective of this study was to analyze studies on animals that had exercised prior to myocardial infarction and to examine any benefits through a systematic review and meta-analysis. The databases MEDLINE, Google Scholar, and Cochrane were consulted. We analyzed articles published between January 1978 and November 2018. From a total of 858 articles, 13 manuscripts were selected in this review. When animals exercised before experimental infarction, there was a reduction in mortality, a reduction in infarct size, improvements in cardiac function, and a better molecular balance between genes and proteins that exhibit cardiac protective effects. Analyzing heart weight/body weight, we observed the following results - Mean difference 95% CI - -0.02 [-0.61,0.57]. Meta-analysis of the infarct size (% of the left ventricle) revealed a statistically significant decrease in the size of the infarction in animals that exercised before myocardial infarction, in comparison with the sedentary animals -5.05 [-7.68, -2.40]. Analysis of the ejection fraction, measured by echo (%), revealed that animals that exercised before myocardial infarction exhibited higher and statistically significant measures, compared with sedentary animals 8.77 [3.87,13.66]. We conclude that exercise performed prior to experimental myocardial infarction confers cardiac benefits to animals.

Multiprofessional care promotes of quality of life in pregnant women with preeclampsia: a cross-sectional study

OBJECTIVES: To assess the quality of life of hospitalized pregnant women with preeclampsia (PE), and compare with a group of healthy pregnant women (HP). METHODS: This was an observational cross-sectional study conducted among 58 pregnant women; 28 of them had preeclampsia and 30 were healthy. The WHOQOL-Bref questionnaire, which was divided into four aspects: physical, psychological, social, and environmental, was applied to each subject. RESULTS: A statistically significant difference was observed regarding maternal age (PE 27.8±6.2 x HG 23.0±6.6, p<0.01) and gestational age (PE 224±28.1 x HG 253.8±43.7, p<0.01) in relation to the clinical and obstetric data. No significant difference was observed among groups in the physical (PE 57.7±18.9 x HG 65.7±16.6, p=0.19), psychological (PE 68.2±12.8 x HG 73.3±13.30, p=0.16), social (PE 72.0±15.8 x HG 71.7±18.7, p=0.78), or environmental (PE 61.1±11.9 x HG 59.3±15.9, p=0.88) aspects of the WHOQOL-Bref. CONCLUSIONS There was no difference in quality of life between the groups studied, a result possibly due to the fact that women with PE were hospitalized and received multiprofessional care.

Gynecological cancer and metabolic screening of 1001 elderly Brazilian women

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate gynecological cancer and metabolic screening of Brazilian women aged 65 years or older. METHODS This retrospective descriptive study was conducted by including 1,001 Brazilian patients of the gynecological geriatric outpatient office of our institution to evaluate the influence of age on gynecological cancer and metabolic screening parameters at the first clinical visit. All patients were divided into three groups: a) 65 to 69 years; b) 70 to 74 years; c) ≥ 75 years. We considered clinical, laboratorial, and image data as variables of this study. The Chi-square test was used to assess the proportion of differences among the age groups, and Kruskal-Wallis was used for quantitative variables. RESULTS The values of BMI and height in the group over 75 years was lower than that of the 65 to 69 years (p = 0.001). Regardless of the age group, high arterial blood pressure levels were found in 85.45% of participants. Also, many patients had glucose intolerance in the blood. The pelvic ultrasonography showed abnormal endometrial echo thickness (> 5 mm) in 6.14% of patients, but with no significant statistical difference between the age groups. A total of 4.04% of patients had ovaries with high volume values ( > 6.1 mL). Abnormal mammography (BI-RADS 3 or 4) was observed in 12.21%. CONCLUSIONS our data suggest that a great reduction in BMI and stature is more frequent in the group over 75 years. Also, systemic arterial hypertension and carbohydrate disturbance are frequent morbidities in women over 65 years.

RESUMO OBJETIVO O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar retrospectivamente alguns dados clínicos, laboratoriais e imagens de um grupo de idosas brasileiras. MÉTODOS Estudo observacional retrospectivo realizado com inclusão de 1.001 mulheres brasileiras atendidas no ambulatório de geriatria ginecológica de nossa instituição. Foram analisados: a idade dos pacientes na primeira consulta clínica e a idade na menopausa natural; alguns achados clínicos durante um exame ginecológico; resultados de análises laboratoriais. Considerou-se a relação dessas variáveis com o grupo da idade das mulheres. O teste do qui-quadrado foi utilizado para avaliar os dados e para algumas variáveis, Kruskal-Wallis ou Anova. RESULTADOS A avaliação do IMC e da estatura nas diferentes faixas etárias das mulheres mostrou que, com o aumento da idade, há diminuição do IMC e da estatura (p=0,001). Nível anormal de pressão arterial estava presente em 85,45%. De acordo com o grupo de idade, as medidas laboratoriais foram avaliadas pelo método estatístico Kruskal-Wallis, e a Anova mostrou diferença estatisticamente significante apenas no valor da creatinina, com pequeno aumento com a idade. A ultrassonografia pélvica foi alterada com espessura endometrial normal (>5 mm) em 29 (6,14%), mas sem diferença estatística significativa com os grupos de idade, e os ovários mostraram sete (4,04%) com volume anormal (>6,1). Mamografia anormal (BI-Rads 3 ou 4) foi observada em 104 pacientes (12,21%). CONCLUSÕES O estudo conclui que, com o aumento da idade, há redução do IMC e da estatura. A hipertensão é morbidade frequente. Os dados laboratoriais e a avaliação de imagens deste estudo são importantes para aumentar o conjunto de informações sobre mulheres idosas e talvez para melhorar a assistência à saúde.

Melatonin effects on ovarian follicular cells: a systematic review

SUMMARY Melatonin is known for its effects on both the sleep and reproductive system of mammals. The latter has melatonin receptors type 1 and 2, which act to regulate, among other things, cyclic AMP. Notwithstanding all the literature data, there is still no sound knowledge or a clear understanding of the hormone's action on the physiology of ovarian follicular cells. OBJECTIVE To review and evaluate studies about melatonin action on the ovarian granulosa/theca interna cells from the literature. METHODS The systematic review was carried out according to the PRISMA recommendations. The MEDLINE and Cochrane primary databases were consulted with the use of specific terms. There was no limitation on language or publication year. RESULTS Seven papers about melatonin action on granulosa cells were selected. The following can be attributed to the hormone's effects: a) progesterone increase in culture medium; b) increased estrogen production; c) antagonistic action on estrogen; d) improvement in cell quality resulting in improved embryo and higher pregnancy rates; e) improved cell proliferation via MAPK; f) reduction of free radicals. Nevertheless, there are contrarian papers reporting a reduction in progesterone production. CONCLUSION Melatonin interferes in sex steroid production, boosting progesterone output. Such action may help improve oocyte quality.

RESUMO A melatonina é conhecida por seus efeitos no sono e no sistema reprodutivo dos mamíferos. Este último tem receptores de melatonina tipos 1 e 2, que atuam para regular, entre outras coisas, o AMP cíclico. Apesar de todos os dados da literatura, ainda não há um conhecimento sólido ou uma compreensão clara da ação do hormônio na fisiologia das células foliculares ovarianas. OBJETIVO Revisar e avaliar estudos da ação da melatonina na literatura sobre as células internas da granulosa/teca ovariana. MÉTODOS A revisão sistemática foi realizada de acordo com as recomendações do Prisma. As bases de dados primárias Medline e Cochrane foram consultadas com o uso de termos específicos. Não houve bar na língua ou ano de publicação. RESULTADOS Sete artigos sobre a ação da melatonina nas células da granulosa foram selecionados. O que se segue pode ser atribuído aos efeitos do hormônio: a) aumento de progesterona no meio de cultura; b) aumento da produção de estrogênio; c) ação antagônica no estrogênio; d) melhoria na qualidade celular, resultando em melhor embrião e maiores taxas de gravidez; e) melhor proliferação celular via MAPK; f) redução de radicais livres. No entanto, existem artigos controversos relatando redução na produção de progesterona. CONCLUSÃO A melatonina interfere na produção de esteroides sexuais, aumentando a produção de progesterona. Tal ação pode ajudar a melhorar a qualidade do oócito.

Repercussions of melatonin on the risk of breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis

SUMMARY Breast Cancer is common in women, but its etiology is not yet fully understood. Several factors may contribute to its genesis, such as genetics, lifestyle, and the environment. Melatonin may be involved in the process of breast cancer. Therefore, the aim of this study is to evaluate the influence of the levels of melatonin on breast cancer through a systematic review and meta-analysis. We performed a systematic review according to PRISMA recommendations. The primary databases MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane were consulted. There was no restriction on the year of publication and language. Data of systematic reviews from April 2017 to September to 2017 were analyzed. The meta-analysis was conducted using RevMan 5.3 software provided by the Cochrane Collaboration. From a total of 570 articles, 9 manuscripts were included in this review. They analy onzed women with breast cancer and control patients, of which 10% and 90% were in the reproductive period and after menopause, respectively. The lowest level of melatonin was found in approximately 55% of studies with breast cancer in post-menopause. The metanalyses of the studies demonstrated low levels of melatonin in breast cancer patients (n=963) compared with control patients (n= 1332), with a mean difference between the studies of 8722;3.54 (CI8722;6.01,8722;1.06). Another difference found was in the comparison between smoking patients, with an average difference between 1.80 [0.97-2.63]. Our data suggest that low levels of melatonin might be a risk factor for breast cancer.

RESUMO O câncer de mama é comum em mulheres, mas sua etiologia ainda não é totalmente compreendida. Vários fatores podem contribuir para sua gênese, genética, estilo de vida e meio ambiente. A melatonina pode estar envolvida no processo de câncer de mama. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo é avaliar a influência dos níveis de melatonina no câncer de mama por meio de uma revisão sistemática e meta-análise. Realizamos uma revisão sistemática de acordo com as recomendações do Prisma. Os principais bancos de dados, Medline, Embase e Cochrane, foram consultados. Não houve restrição quanto ao ano de publicação e idioma. Os dados de revisão sistemática obtidos de abril de 2017 a setembro a 2017 foram analisados. A meta-análise foi conduzida pelo programa RevMan 5.3 fornecido pela Cochrane Collaboration. De um total de 570 artigos, nove foram incluídos nesta revisão. As análises foram conduzidas em mulheres com câncer de mama e pacientes controle, dos quais 10% e 90% estavam no período reprodutivo e após a menopausa, respectivamente. O nível mais baixo de melatonina foi encontrado em aproximadamente 55% dos estudos com câncer de mama na pós-menopausa. As meta-análises de estudos demonstraram os baixos níveis de melatonina em doentes com câncer da mama (n=963), em comparação com os pacientes de controle (n=1.332), sendo a diferença de médias entre os estudos da 8722;3,54 (CI 8722;6,01, 8722;1,06). Outra diferença é demonstrada nas comparações entre pacientes fumantes, sendo a diferença da média entre 1,80 [0,97-2,63]. Nossos dados sugerem que baixos níveis de melatonina podem ser um fator de risco para câncer de mama.